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use value
Use value or value in use is the utility of consuming a good—the want-satisfying power of a good or service in classical political economy. In Marx's critique of political economy, any product has a labor-value and a use-value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price. Marx acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a ''general utility'', implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold.
== Origin of the concept ==
The concepts of value, use value, utility, exchange value and price have a very long history in economic and philosophical thought, from Aristotle to Adam Smith, and their meanings evolved. Adam Smith recognized that commodities may have an exchange-value but may satisfy no use-value, such as diamonds, while a commodity with a very high use-value may have a very low exchange-value, such as water. Marx comments for example that "in English writers of the 17th century we frequently find ''worth'' in the sense of value in use, and ''value'' in the sense of exchange-value."〔Karl Marx, Capital I, Chapter 1, Note 4., (referring to John Locke, "Some Considerations on the consequences of the lowering of interest, 1691," in Works Edit. London, 1777. Vol. II, p. 28.) http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/marx/cap1/chap01 accessed 18 May 2009.〕 With the expansion of market economy, however, the focus of economists has increasingly been on prices and price-relations, the social process of exchange as such being assumed to occur as a naturally given fact.
Marx emphasizes that the use-value of a labor-product is practical and objectively determined;〔Karl Marx, Capital I, Chapter 1, two paragraphs starting "The utility of a thing makes it a use value." http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/marx/cap1/chap01 accessed 18 May 2009.〕 that is, it inheres in the intrinsic characteristics of a product that enable it to satisfy a human need or want. The use-value of a product therefore exists as a material reality vis-a-vis social needs regardless of the individual need of any particular person. The use-value of a commodity is specifically a social use-value, meaning that it has a generally accepted use-value for others in society, and not just for the producer.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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